On The Origins of the Concept of Contradiction
Just some quick thoughts on the origins of the concept of Contradiction.
Contradiction in Classical Logic
Brief summary/review.
P
and ~P
are both asserted to be T
.
P
and ¬P
must be Lexiographically Identical with the exception of the first character in the WFF.
- Such notions are Syntactic and Semantics.
- These are strictly more stringent notions than the following.
Contradictions in Behavior and Action
We often encounter something like the following:
P1
- He went to the store to buy this week's groceries.
P2
- But he ended up only buying candy.
P1
and P2
diverge in outcome alignment, goal-setting, or the achievement of specified objectives.
Hypocrisy
Recollect that many of the early discussions on Contradiction originated in discussions on learning, politics, and rhetoric:
- A person
P
may claim that something or someone X
is wrong, evil, must abstained from, or condemned.
- But,
P
then engages in, partakes of, or performs X
.
- This particular kind of Hypocrisy isn't just about misalignment in espoused Virtues, Truth, or Norms.
- It also involves concerns around Fairness ("Some rule applies to thee but not to me!").
Contradictions Between Words and Action
We often encounter something like the following:
P1
- "He said he was going to the store."
P2
- "But then he spent the day playing video games."
- What's implied is that
P1
and P2
are inconsistent with respect to each other.
- We might even hear something like
"That's contradictory."
(say in a court of law after reading testimony).
We observe:
P1
and P2
aren't Lexiographically Identical.
- There are suppressed (omitted) inferential relations between the two (that
P2
implies the negation of P1
) specific to the context and circumstance embedded into the speech.
- But
P2
strictly speaking doesn't entail P1
(one could go to an online store).
- This involves Pragmatics and Semantics.
Considerations
- There are presumably many other legitimate occasions in which people naturally will call something a Contradiction.
- Contradictions (metaphorically) involve some kind of "tension", some "resistance" between the Truth Values of multiple Assertions, Expressions, Sentences, or Propositions.
- E.g. - one denies another, they are mutually exclusive, they are both self-denying and self-affirming, and so on.
- Above, we see stronger and weaker notions at play.
Origins of Such Concepts
There are at least two kinds of questions we can ask about such conceptions:
- What is common to them?
- Is there some deeper concept (or conceptual basis) from which they originate?
Commonalities:
- Alignment - agreement of Truth Values, consistency of outward behavior and professed imperative, uniformity in Norm Commitment or expectation, etc.
- Truth, Norm Commitment, Fact, Norms
Origins:
- Does that mean that the concept of Contradiction primarily arises from considerations about Truth (this is perhaps the default option that most academics would take)?
- Or does that mean that the concept of Contradiction primarily arises from considerations about Ethics or Fairness (that )
- If it's the latter, does Truth then have its origins in Ethics (the naturally tendancy in the 20th Century has been to see Ethics as being a Science of Norms which requires Truth as a precursor).
- Or alternatively, does this suggest that the concept of Contradiction primarily arises from Pattern Matching or Structural Alignment (sameness of Behavior, Truth Values, etc.)?